中国芯片设备成为下一个目标：美国新法案计划十年内禁购
美国两党议员在众议院提出一项新法案，将要求获得《芯片法案（CHIPS Act）》拨款的企业在十年内购买中国芯片制造设备。该法案覆盖范围广泛，既包括荷兰ASML生产的复杂光刻设备等高端工具，也涵盖用于切割、加工芯片承载硅片的各类基础设备。
众议院方面，共和党议员杰伊·奥伯诺尔特（Jay Obernolte）与民主党议员佐伊·洛夫格伦（Zoe Lofgren）共同发起该法案；参议院则计划由民主党议员马克·凯利（Mark Kelly）与共和党议员玛莎·布莱克本（Marsha Blackburn）于12月正式提交同款法案，两党形成跨院联动态势。
《芯片法案》作为拜登政府2022年推动通过的核心产业政策，旨在强化美国本土芯片制造能力，其中390亿美元专项拨款用于资助新建芯片工厂及扩建现有产能。目前，英特尔、中国台湾台积电、韩国三星电子等全球芯片巨头均已获得该法案资金支持。不过值得注意的是，美国政府后续将英特尔的部分拨款转为了股权持有。
据立法者提供的背景资料显示，中国已在芯片产业投入超400亿美元，重点布局制造设备领域，并且相关设备的全球市场份额已实现大幅增长。这一趋势引发美国芯片设备商的担忧 —— 美国对中国的设备出口限制已导致其销售额下滑、研发投入能力受损；同时，部分芯片法案受助企业仍选择采购中国设备，进一步加剧了行业竞争压力。
当前美国本土头部芯片设备企业包括应用材料（Applied Materials）、泛林半导体（Lam Research）和科磊（KLA）。虽然该法案以中国设备为主要限制目标，但同时将伊朗、俄罗斯、朝鲜等“关切国家”的芯片设备纳入禁令范围。
但该法案也设置了例外条款：若某类特定设备无法由美国或其盟国生产，美国政府可授予采购豁免权。此外，该禁令仅适用于受助企业在美国本土的进口行为，不会影响其海外业务的设备采购决策。
目前，法案尚未进入投票程序，但两党的跨党派支持意味着其推进阻力相对较小。若最终落地，将进一步收紧美国对中国芯片产业链的限制，同时可能引发全球芯片设备供应链的重新调整。
英文原文报道
A bipartisan group of U.S. lawmakers introduced a bill on Thursday in the House that would block the purchase of Chinese chipmaking equipment by CHIPS Act grant recipients for 10 years.
The bill targets a range of chipmaking tools from complex lithography equipment, like that produced by Dutch manufacturer ASML, to machines that slice and dice the silicon wafers on which chips are printed.
The bill was introduced in the House by Republican Jay Obernolte and Democratic member Zoe Lofgren. In the Senate, Democrat Mark Kelly and Republican Marsha Blackburn plan to introduce the bill in December.
Passed under the Biden administration in 2022, the CHIPS Act was designed to boost the U.S. chip manufacturing industry and allocated $39 billion to spur the construction of new factories and expand existing facilities.
Chip manufacturers such as Intel, Taiwan's TSMC and South Korea's Samsung Electronics have received grants under the law, though the U.S. later converted Intel's grant money into an equity stake.
China has invested more than $40 billion in the chip industry with a focus on manufacturing equipment, and the market share of such equipment has grown substantially, according to background material provided by the lawmakers.
U.S. chip equipment makers have grown concerned that export restrictions on their tool shipments to China will lower sales and hurt their ability to invest in research and development. The use of CHIPS Act grant money to buy Chinese equipment has compounded the issue.
The largest American chipmaking tool companies include Applied Materials, Lam Research and KLA.
Though Chinese equipment is the main target of the legislation, the bill also blocks tools from other nations of concern.
There are exceptions carved out in the bill that include the ability for the U.S. to grant waivers if specific tools are not produced in the U.S. or by its allied countries.
The bill would only block imports to the U.S. and would not affect the foreign operations of CHIPS Act grant recipients.
关键词： 芯片设备
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